Kos / Blackbird

mužjak

 ženka

rasprostranjenost kosa / blackbird

Kos / Blackbird

Kos (lat. Turdus merula) razlikuje se od svojih rođaka razmjerno kratkim tupim krilima i dugačkim repom koji je na vrhu malo zaobljen. Perje starog mužjaka jednolično je crno, a kljun narančasto žut. Kod stare ženke je gornji dio tijela mutno crn, a donji dio ima na sivkastoj podlozi svijetlo sive rubne mrlje. Kos je dugačak od 23-29cm, a raspon krila mu iznosi 35cm i težak je od 80-125 grama.

Kos je redovit na svim prikladnim mjestima, nastanjuje gotovo čitavu Europu, a osim toga živi i u nekim dijelovima Azije, Afrike i Australije. Najradije boravi u vlažnim šumama s mnogo prizemnog raslinja. Većinom stanuje na istom mjestu, samo pojedini kosovi, odrasli na visokom sjeveru, sele u jesen iz godine u godinu.

U zadnjih nekoliko desetljeća kos se pretvorio od upadljivo, bojažljive šumske ptice u pticu koja traži ljudska naselja i sve se više širi u njima tako da je postaje upravo dosadna. Toliko pljačka sve jagodično voće u vrtovima da nanosi velike štete.

Kos je vrlo nadarena ptica, pokretna, živahna, nemirna, spretna, pametna, dobri su pjevači. Od ranog jutra do kasne večeri neprekidno se kreću. Po tlu spretno skakuću u velikim skokovima; opaze li nešto što im udari u oči, trzaju repom prema gore, a istovremeno krilima prema dolje. U granju skakuću brzo i spretno pomažući se krilima. Lete izvrsno. Poplašimo li ih, većina leprša prividno nespretno iznad tla, od grma do grma, ali te iste ptice lete, kada su se vinule na određenu visinu, izvanredno brzo. Ne samo što veoma dobro čuju, nego i točno razlikuju zvukove. Naposljetku svojim sladokustvom dokazuju da imaju dobro razvijen okus.

U šumi vrši službu stražara pa na njihovo upozorenje ne samo što reagiraju ptice njihove vrste već i različite druge ptice pa čak i sisavci.

Kos se glasa ćurlikom „sri“ i „ trenk“; ako je ugledao nešto sumnjivo javlja se zvonko i glasno „diks, diks“, a ako smatra da treba pobjeći, dodaje naglo „gri, gih, gih“. Svi ti glasovi koji se, dakako, ljudskim glasovima mogu vrlo nesavršeno izraziti, znatno se mijenjaju prema okolnostima, ali ih razumiju sve vrste drozdova. Jedna vrsta dolazi na vabljenje druge, a pogotovo sve slušaju glas upozorenja na opasnost.

Kos svojim pjevanjem spada među najbolje od svih pjevica. Pjesma mu raspolaže s nekoliko kitica izvanredne ljepote, ali njegovo pjevanje ne zvuči tako veselo već nekako svečanije ili tužnije od pjevanja njegovih darovitih rođaka. Kos koji kod nas ostaje i zimi, počinje pjevati već krajem veljače, dok u šumi caruju snijeg i led. Kao kod većine dobrih pjevača čini se da jedan mužjak potiče drugoga. Čim jedan počne pjevati, svi ostali koji ga čuju, odmah se žure da mu odgovore pjesmom. Kos lako preuzima melodiju od drugih ptica svoje vrste pa čak i od drugih ptica. Koliko se god dobro skriva, tako se otvoreno pokazuje čim počne pjevati. Odabire obično kakav visoki vrh drveta, a divni zvukovi njegove pjesme odjekuju šumom.

Kos se uglavnom hrani kukcima, puževima i crvima. Obožava iskopavati gliste. Prehranu dopunjava orašastim plodovima, sjemenkama i koštunjavim voćem. U jesen se hrani i raznim jagodičastim voćem, a zimi jede bobice koje ostaju po granama.

Uglavnom se hrane sa zemlje pa stoga po nekoliko sati dnevno provedu na tlu. Iz šume lete na livade, na obale rijeka i potoka i na druga mjesta na kojima se nadaju naći hrane. Na kukce koji lete ne obaziru se ili se na njih obaziru vrlo malo.

Kos gnijezdi u gustišima, najradije na mladom crnogoričnom drveću i najčešće nisko iznad tla, ponekad i na samoj zemlji. Gnijezdo mu je različito, prema tome gdje obitava. Kosovi koji su se naselili u gradu, mnogo nemarnije grade gnijezdo.

Ako je vrijeme vrlo povoljno, naći ćemo već sredinom ožujka, a inače tek krajem ožujka 4 do 6 razmjerno krupnih jaja, koja su na blijedo plavičastoj podlozi pokrivena svijetlim rđastim mrljama i točkama.

Drugo leglo ima obično početkom svibnja puni broj jaja. Ponekad imaju i treće leglo u istoj godini. Mužjak zamjenjuje ženku na jajima tokom podnevnih sati, ali oba roditelja vrlo brižno podižu pomladak, a ako se neprijatelj približi gnijezdu ponašaju se vanredno bojažljivo. Mnogi kosovi nerijetko doslovno napadaju neprijatelja, bacaju se na njega, lete tik kraj njega i pokušavaju ga prestrašiti. Ako im to ne uspije koriste se lukavštinom pa se pretvaraju da su bolesni pa lepršaju i skakuću, prividno sa najvećim naporom, po tlu, i time odmamljuju razbojnika koji se dade zavarati.

Na jajima sjede 14 do 16 dana, a već nakon tri tjedna, kada osnaže, mlade ptice uglavnom hranjene kukcima, mogu letjeti. Nakon nekoliko tjedana pošto su izletjele počinju se mitariti, a kada se približi zima nose već drugo perje.

_____________________________________________________________________________

Blackbird (lat. Turdus merula) differs from its cousin relatively short blunt wings and long tail, which is on top of a little rounded. Feathers old male uniform is black and orange yellow beak. In old female upper body blurry black, and the lower part has to sivkastoj background light gray edge stains. Blackbird is long from 23-29cm and wingspan is 35cm and weighs from 80-125 grams.

Blackbird is a regular at all the appropriate places, inhabited almost all of Europe, and besides living in some parts of Asia, Africa and Australia. Spend time in the moist forest with a lot of ground vegetation. Most reside in the same place, only some blackbirds, adults on the high north, moving to fall from year to year.

In the last few decades blackbird turned from striking, timid forest birds in the bird seeking human settlements and is widespread in them so that it becomes just boring. So much loot all the cheek fruit in the gardens that is especially damaging.

Blackbird is a very talented birds, mobile, lively, restless, agile, smart, good singers. From early morning to late at night constantly moving. The ground deftly jumping in big jumps; they saw something they struck in the eye, twitching his tail up, while the wings down. In the branches bouncing quickly and efficiently helping the wings. They fly perfectly. I spooked them, most seemingly clumsy fluttering above the ground, from bush to bush, but those same birds fly, when the wine at a certain height, extremely fast. Not only is very good to hear, but also accurately distinguish sounds. Finally his sladokustvom prove that they have a well-developed taste.

The forest guards perform services on their warning not only react birds of their species but also various other birds and even mammals.

Blackbird vote trill "pet" and "trenk"; if he saw something suspicious occurs zvonko and loud "Dix, Dix," and if it considers that it should escape, he adds quickly, "Mrs., g and h, g and h". All these voices, of course, human voices can be very imperfectly expressed, significantly change according to circumstances, but they understand all types of thrushes. One kind comes to lure other, and especially all listen to the voice of warning of the danger.

Blackbird his singing is among the best of all birds. Song him with several stanzas of exquisite beauty, but his singing does not sound so cheerful but somehow festive or sadder than singing his talented cousin. Blackbird that remains with us in the winter, begins to sing at the end of February, while in the forest ruled by snow and ice. As with most good singers seems to be a buck encourages other. As soon as one starts singing, all others who hear it, immediately rush to answer him a song. Blackbird easily takes over the melody of other birds of their species and even from other birds. No matter how well hidden, so openly shows him when he starts to sing. Selects usually as high top of a tree, and wonderful sounds of his songs echoing woods.

Blackbird feeds mainly on insects, snails and worms. He loves digging worms. Nutrition supplements nuts, seeds, fruits and nuts. In the fall of the food and various berries, and winter eating berries that remain on the branches.

Mostly the food from the earth and therefore several hours a day spent on the ground. From the forest to fly meadows, on the rivers and streams and in other places where they hope to find food. For insects that fly disregard or ignore them very little.

Blackbird nests in bushes, preferably at the young conifer trees and usually low above the ground, sometimes in the country. Nest him differently, depending on where resides. Blackbirds who settled in the city, much less carefully build a nest.

If the weather is very convenient, we can find a mid-March, and otherwise at the end of March 4 to 6 relatively large eggs, which are pale bluish background covered with bright rusty stains and spots.

The second litter has usually early May the full number of eggs. Sometimes having a third litter in the same year. Male replaces the female egg during midday hours, but both parents very carefully raise offspring, and if the enemy approaches the nest behave extraordinarily timid. Many blackbirds often literally attacking the enemy, throw it at him, flying next to it and trying to scare him. If that does not work they used cunning and pretending to be sick and fluttering and jumping up and down, apparently with the greatest effort, on the ground, and thus odmamljuju robbers who gave misleading.

Sit on the eggs 14-16 days, and after three weeks, when empowered, young birds mainly fed on insects can fly. After a few weeks after they went out they begin to moult, and when it approaches the winter wear, but other feathers.

Literatura:

Brehm, A.E.(2003).Život životinja

Wikipedija